{"id":507,"date":"2014-08-25T19:34:55","date_gmt":"2014-08-25T19:34:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tmc.edu\/news\/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-pregnancy\/"},"modified":"2019-08-16T14:58:00","modified_gmt":"2019-08-16T14:58:00","slug":"unraveling-the-mysteries-of-pregnancy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tmc.edu\/news\/2014\/08\/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-pregnancy\/","title":{"rendered":"Unraveling the Mysteries of Pregnancy"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The biology of pregnancy is entering uncharted waters. Groundbreaking new research demonstrates that the placenta harbors a small, but diverse, community of bacteria capable of influencing the course of pregnancy, reported researchers from Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, overturning previously held beliefs that it is mostly sterile.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re really just beginning to understand the broader role of the placenta in shaping the overall health of a pregnancy,\u201d said Kjersti Aagaard, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology in maternal fetal medicine at Baylor and the Texas Children\u2019s Pavilion for Women, as well as the lead and corresponding author on the report. \u201cAs the interface between mother and child, the more that we can understand about what leaves \u2018footprints\u2019 on the placenta, the easier it\u2019s going to be to track and appreciate the impact of environmental exposure on pregnancy health and the health of our next generation.\u201d<\/p>\n

The findings, published in the most recent issue\u00a0of Science Translational Medicine, illustrate important new insights on the structure of the placental microbiome, the organisms present, and how they might be capable of impacting a pregnancy. The microbiome refers to the population of microbes\u2014trillions of bacteria, viruses and fungi\u2014that colonize the human body. These organisms influence digestion, metabolism and an array of unknown biological processes. Research\u00a0to characterize these microbial communities is essential for understanding human development, explained Aagaard.<\/p>\n

Aagaard and her colleagues are key members in the collaborative National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded Human Microbiome Project, which seeks to further characterize these communities and how they relate to health and healing human disease.<\/p>\n

In this study, the first and largest to focus on the placental microbiome, 320 human subjects\u2019 samples were analyzed comprehensively following a process called shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The technology enables microbiologists to uniquely evaluate bacterial diversity and detect the abundance of specific microbes and all their genetic pathways in a community.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt started, from my perspective, in really trying to understand the dynamics of the microbiome during pregnancy,\u201d added James Versalovic, M.D., Ph.D., co-author on the report, professor of pathology and immunology at Baylor and head of pathology at Texas Children\u2019s. \u201cIn 2011 we initiated the PeriBank at Ben Taub General Hospital, aided by the support of Baylor and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital\u2019s Pavillion for Women, to begin to collect placental tissue from every birth where parental consent was provided. It created an incredibly precious resource for clinical research in obstetrics and gynecology, enabling us to look for bacteria using DNA sequencing.\u201d<\/p>\n

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In determining that the placenta is not sterile\u2014 meaning free from bacteria or other living organisms\u2014 the researchers identified that it actually harbors\u00a0a diverse and unique microbiome. The placental microbiome is relatively low in terms of microbial abundance, explained Aagaard, and modern genomics techniques are required to observe or identify the bacteria present.<\/p>\n

Of the samples, Escherichia coli (E. coli), a bacteria that lives in the intestines of most healthy individuals, was the most abundant species. Prevotella tannerae (gingival crevices) and non-pathogenic Neisseria species (mucosal surfaces), both species of the oral cavity, were also detected in highest relative abundance.<\/p>\n

\u201cInterestingly, when we looked very thoroughly at the placenta in relation to many other sites of the body, we found that the placental microbiome does not bear many similarities to the microbiomes closest in terms of anatomic location,\u201d said Aagaard. \u201cSpecifically, it\u00a0is not much like the vaginal or intestinal microbiome, but is actually most similar to the oral microbiome.\u201d<\/p>\n

This finding has important implications on the likely importance of oral health during pregnancy,\u00a0she said. \u201cIt reinforces long-standing data relating periodontal disease to risk of preterm birth.\u201d Clinically, these results have the potential to prompt an increased emphasis on oral hygiene in pregnant women while simultaneously spurring research focus on the connec- tion between the oral cavity and the placenta.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re very interested in characterizing the connections between microbiomes,\u201d said Versalovic. \u201cGenerally, people refer to the human microbiome as if it\u2019s one thing, which it is, but there are still distinct microbial communities. We\u2019re exploring the ways that you can change the microbiome in the oral cavity and have an effect, remotely, at a distal site. We\u2019re examining those connections in other places, as well\u2014for example, by influencing the intestinal microbiome it seems as if there\u2019s an effect on brain function. So, naturally, we\u2019re interested in how the oral cavity and its microbiome may affect pregnancy and preterm birth.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Additionally, the researchers observed differences in the placental microbiome based on a remote history of infection during the pregnancy\u2014most commonly urinary tract infections from many months ago that were treated successfully with antibiotics.<\/p>\n

The researchers have identified another factor that structures the placental microbiome in unique ways: preterm birth. \u201cWithin a reasonable margin of error, we\u2019d be able to tell whether someone had a preterm birth by metagenomically characterizing the placental microbiome profile,\u201d said Aagaard. \u201cIf we examine the differences between mothers who have had preterm births versus term births, that\u2019s the first step on the way toward meaningful interventions.\u201d<\/p>\n

Exposure of the fetus to a placental microbiome may have fundamental implications for early human development and the physiology of pregnancy, added Versalovic. A larger study led by Aagaard and her team is currently underway to expand these findings to describe the placental microbiome profiles across pregnancy and in relation to preterm birth.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe hope is that we will get a clearer picture of how several of the microbial communities in women and their placentas change over the course of the entire pregnancy among those at risk for preterm birth. These discoveries could lead to rapid breakthroughs in not only identifying women at risk for preterm birth, but developing new and worthwhile strategies for prevention,\u201d said Aagaard. \u201cAs we catch glimmers of the microbial biology of pregnancy,\u00a0we can start to see a not too distant future where\u00a0we will prevent preterm birth (or its complications\u00a0in newborns) with truly novel approaches aimed\u00a0at enhancing the healthy microbes of not just the vagina, but the mouth and gut, as well. By unraveling the mysteries of pregnancy, we are learning that\u00a0our microbes may be as much friend as foe. This is fantastic news for our moms and their babies.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The biology of pregnancy is entering uncharted waters. Groundbreaking new research demonstrates that the placenta harbors a small, but diverse, community of bacteria capable of influencing the course of pregnancy, reported researchers from Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, overturning previously held beliefs that it is mostly sterile. \u201cWe\u2019re really just beginning to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":508,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[38,5,173,174,175,176,102,90],"yoast_head":"\nUnraveling the Mysteries of Pregnancy - TMC News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tmc.edu\/news\/2014\/08\/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-pregnancy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Unraveling the Mysteries of Pregnancy - TMC News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The biology of pregnancy is entering uncharted waters. 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